VOA [Voice of America] Global English : December 21, 2018 07:00AM-08:00AM EST
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VOA [Voice of America] Global English : December 21, 2018 07:00AM-08:00AM EST
- Publication date
- 2018-12-21
- Topics
- Radio Program
- Contributor
- VOA [Voice of America] Global English
- Language
- English
Closed captions transcript:
00:00:00
Flew.
00:00:06
I've. Flown.
00:00:51
The.
00:00:58
Plume
00:01:02
live.
00:01:19
Live.
00:01:25
Live I've.
00:01:33
I've.
00:01:41
Lived.
00:02:10
Just. Thank.
00:02:18
You. Thank.
00:02:32
You Liz.
00:03:13
The only one and they had one republic
with kids Elisia car is on the way also
00:03:18
Maroon five with car to be at the lake and
I'm in the bay until right now this is
00:03:23
lovely the band a broke
in My Name is making
00:03:25
a strong Welcome to be
away when they head.
00:05:31
I've. Played
00:05:37
lead. To.
00:05:45
A.
00:05:54
Glue.
00:06:38
Music was.
00:08:37
They.
00:09:34
May.
00:09:51
Be a way one that they had to lease
00:09:53
a car with trust my lonely so you heard
about offset right trying to get car to be
00:09:58
back he went to one of her show. Got on
stage with a bouquet of flowers and had
00:10:03
a big gigantic cake come out that said
you know I want you back or take me back
00:10:08
whatever it said anyway Carty was not
having it she was like she had both him and
00:10:13
the cake like remove from the
stage it's like. That was not
00:10:17
a good move off said that was not
00:10:18
a good stunt I mean that's like arriving
someone tweeted this and I agree it's like
00:10:22
going to your girlfriend's
job or your wife's job in
00:10:26
a meeting when she's in an important meeting
and in disturbing the meeting to say
00:10:29
please take me back to the important here
it is. Like you through five is going to
00:10:36
be obvious.
00:12:57
Maybe exploded maybe I'm. A.
00:13:31
Little bit. I don't play
when it does get it.
00:14:14
I've.
00:15:50
Got.
00:16:01
The.
00:16:15
Little.
00:17:18
League.
00:17:51
Was.
00:19:06
A fight to win
00:19:07
a fight to help fight myself. Like
00:19:16
living.
00:19:36
In this is. Just coming.
00:21:09
Glass.
00:21:16
Is.
00:21:25
Eating. True love.
00:22:00
So clams. And all good
00:22:06
conversation. Expectation and reason. Was
00:22:13
gone. And pain fall in
love in you. On the while.
00:22:21
They. Love in you all in school.
00:22:28
Saying.
00:22:38
I did feel
00:22:39
a. Little. Sick last.
00:23:17
Speech. And the. Little bit.
00:23:24
To.
00:23:36
Cleanse to.
00:23:49
Be away one of the hits my name is Nicky
strong and that was communicable A.O.
00:23:53
With consequences. Welcome to learning.
00:24:00
In English
00:24:01
a daily thirty minute program from the
Voice of America I'm Jonathan evidence and
00:24:07
I'm Ashley THOMPSON This program is
aimed at English learners so we speak
00:24:13
a little slower and we use words and phrases
especially written for people learning
00:24:20
English. Today on the program
00:24:27
you will hear from Alice Bryant later Steve
Earle will present our American history
00:24:33
series The Making of
00:24:35
a nation but first Ashley
and Bryan Lipmann bring us
00:24:41
a story about child
soldiers and Yemen for two
00:24:48
years Mohammad fought with
Yemen's Huth the rebels against
00:24:53
a military coalition led by Saudi
Arabia and backed by the United
00:24:59
States Mohammad says he tortured
and killed people he did not care
00:25:07
whether he lived or died but if he
did die the bracelet he wore with
00:25:13
a jihadi number would guarantee
his body made it home Mohammad
00:25:19
is one of eighteen former child soldiers
who spoke with The Associated Press
00:25:27
all of them escaped from rebel forces
or were captured by coalition units
00:25:35
they are now at camps and
00:25:37
a counseling center in the city of Mara
and an area controlled by the Saudi
00:25:44
led U.S.
00:25:45
Backed coalition both sides
in the four year civil war
00:25:53
have sent children into battle
00:25:56
a violation of international human
rights conventions. The United
00:26:02
Nations was able to confirm that two
thousand seven hundred twenty one children
00:26:10
have been recruited to fight
for all sides in the conflict
00:26:16
a majority of them have fought for
the Hooty S But officials say that
00:26:23
number is likely low because many
families are too fearful to speak out
00:26:31
a senior military official
at mid to the A.P.
00:26:37
That the rebels have brought eighteen
thousand child soldiers into their army since
00:26:44
two thousand and fourteen
he did not wish to be named
00:26:50
officially the who say they do not
recruit children and send away children
00:26:57
who try to join but in. The
Yemeni capital now under
00:27:04
who's the control locals say the rebels
go door to door telling parents they
00:27:11
must either turn over their sons
or pay money for the war effort
00:27:18
some of the former child
soldiers told the A.P.
00:27:22
They joined the rebels willingly because
of promises of money or the chance to
00:27:29
carry
00:27:30
a weapon but others described
being taken from their schools or
00:27:36
forced to join the who
sees in exchange for
00:27:40
a family member's release from detention
some children gave themselves
00:27:47
a war name after they joined the fighting
one ten year old boy for example
00:27:54
called himself
00:27:56
a Serb Arabic for Father
of victory. A thirteen
00:28:03
year old boy named Salah told the A.P.
00:28:08
That Hooty fighters came to his home and
demanded that he and his father come
00:28:15
with them to the front lines of battle
he said his father was pulled away when
00:28:22
he refused the order Salah added
I heard the bullets then my
00:28:28
father collapsing dead new
recruits are usually taken first
00:28:35
to culture centers for religious
courses which last about
00:28:40
a month they are told they are joining
00:28:44
a holy war against Jews and Christians
and Arab countries that have been
00:28:50
influenced by the West the boys are told
that if they die fighting they will go to
00:28:57
heaven Mohammad said when you get out of
the Culture Center you don't want to go
00:29:04
home anymore you want to go to jihad
the recruits are then sent to
00:29:10
military training camps in the mountains
at night they sleep in shelters made of
00:29:16
tree branches during the day they
learn how to fire weapons plant
00:29:22
explosives and avoid missiles fired
by coalition airplanes after
00:29:29
less than
00:29:30
a month of military training they are sent
to war wearing the bracelets meant to
00:29:36
promise to honor them as martyrs if they
die the children call the lettering on the
00:29:42
bracelets their jihadi number
many child soldiers can be seen
00:29:48
a holding A K forty seven machine guns
at search areas along main roads in
00:29:54
northern and western Yemen others are
sent to the front lines as foot soldiers.
00:30:03
Mohamed fought in and around
the city of Tire. One
00:30:10
day the who captured
00:30:12
a coalition fighter Mohammad was told to
send electric shocks through the man's
00:30:19
body during questioning when it was
over he said his commander gave
00:30:26
this order get rid of him
Mohammad said he took
00:30:32
a heavy metal tool he did it with fire
and then hit the back of the man's head
00:30:39
he was my master Mohammed said
if he says kill I would kill
00:30:47
I would blow myself up for him
00:30:50
a thirteen year old named Riad said he and
his eleven year old brother once shot
00:30:57
and killed two enemy soldiers but
more often he said he closed
00:31:04
his eyes when he fired his gun
honestly when I am afraid I don't
00:31:11
know where I am shooting sometimes in
the air and sometimes just randomly
00:31:18
he said Riad said half of the fighters
he served with on the front lines
00:31:25
were children he said he asked his
commander to let them take cover during
00:31:31
airstrikes serve the planes are bombing
the commander's answer he said
00:31:38
was always followers of
God you must attack. I'm
00:31:45
Brian Lynn.
00:32:21
What do these six words have
in common hot dog fireworks
00:32:29
well being waistline sunset and ice cream
00:32:36
they could all describe
00:32:38
a fun holiday celebration for
example my holiday was wonderful
00:32:45
I went to a friend's party
and we laughed ate in had
00:32:48
a lovely time we grilled hot dogs and
made ice cream then after sunset we
00:32:55
all went down to the river to
watch the fireworks it was
00:32:59
a great time but probably terrible
for my waistline great story
00:33:06
but what is the grammatical connection
between all the words we talked about they
00:33:12
are all compound nouns and
that is our subject today
00:33:19
a compound noun is
00:33:21
a noun made by putting two or more
words together to act as one noun
00:33:29
these nouns can be written as one
word as in fireworks and waistline
00:33:35
as hyphenated words as in well
being or as separate words as in
00:33:42
ice cream. Compound nouns often
have different meanings from their
00:33:49
separate words for example
if you had never heard of
00:33:54
a hot dog you probably would not know
its meaning just from the words hot
00:34:01
and dog a hot dog is
00:34:04
a small cooked sausage usually
made from beef or pork
00:34:11
compound nouns often are constructed
from two parts of speech the most
00:34:17
common are now known plus noun
as in ice cream waistline
00:34:24
and fireworks which you heard earlier
in the program adjective plus noun
00:34:31
as in hot dog and greenhouse
greenhouses at but Tenneco gardens
00:34:38
carry plants from around the
world and noun plus verb as in
00:34:44
Sunset and rainfall the average
yearly rain fall in Washington D.C.
00:34:51
Is around forty inches but
compound nouns are also formed
00:34:58
in other ways such as noun plus
prep is ition as in passer by
00:35:06
a passer by witnessed the car
accident on seventeenth Street Jaron
00:35:13
plus noun as in swimming pool and
washing machine I'm so glad that our
00:35:19
hotel has
00:35:20
a swimming pool adjective plus verb as
in public speaking and dry cleaning
00:35:28
can you call and see if the dry cleaning
is ready verb plus prep is ition
00:35:35
as in take off and look out flight
attendants please prepare for
00:35:41
takeoff and prep ization
plus verb as an output and
00:35:48
overthrow. The company increased
output by extending its office
00:35:54
hours OK moving on to plurals
and possessives in the
00:36:01
most plural compound nouns the
US goes at the end but here's
00:36:07
a little more to know if the
compound noun has no space or
00:36:14
does have a space in
between words the S.S.
00:36:18
Usually goes at the end such
as in greenhouses waistlines
00:36:25
washing machines and swimming
pools if the compound noun has
00:36:31
a hyphen or hyphens the as usually
goes at the end of the noun
00:36:38
such as in secretaries general
passers by and fathers in law
00:36:46
to make the possessive form
simply add an apostrophe S.
00:36:52
To the end of the complete word
such as in these examples my
00:36:58
daughter in law's dress is being
made the dry cleaner's address is
00:37:05
on the table Lastly let's
talk about stress and spoken
00:37:12
language stress is giving greater
loudness are forced to part of
00:37:18
a word correct stress is very
important for compound nouns
00:37:25
we usually stress the first syllable for
instance when I say the word fireworks
00:37:33
I put
00:37:33
a greater loudness on fire if I put
the stress on works it changes the
00:37:40
meaning and would confuse the listener
not all compound nouns follow
00:37:47
the rule of first syllable stress. Proper
nouns that are more than one word are
00:37:54
considered compound nouns and they usually
carry the stress at the start of the
00:38:01
second word listen for the
stress in these proper nouns
00:38:08
New Orleans Las Vegas
Mt Rainier Grand Canyon
00:38:15
South Africa New Zealand
secretary general prime minister
00:38:23
by now in your English studies you've
already used many compound nouns and
00:38:30
surely you'll use many more so
practice ones that are useful to you
00:38:37
in speaking and writing I'm Alice Bryant.
00:38:53
From V.O.A.
00:38:54
In learning English
Welcome to the making of
00:38:57
a nation I'm Steve embers. The
United States declared war
00:39:04
on Britain in eighteen twelve it
did so because Britain refused to
00:39:11
stop seizing American ships that traded
with France Britain's enemy in your
00:39:18
up sometimes there were also
seizures of American sailors these
00:39:24
seizures were known as impressment
Britain finally has suspended its orders
00:39:31
against neutral trade after
00:39:34
a change in government but the British
acted too late the United States
00:39:41
had already declared war the day we
continue the story of the war of eighteen
00:39:47
twelve. Most of Britain's forces
were battling the soldiers
00:39:54
up and up Polian Bonaparte in Europe
historian and Pulitzer Prize winner Alan
00:40:01
Taylor's says that as a result
the British could send only
00:40:06
a small force that the United States and
so the British were basically war against
00:40:13
the United States on the defensive in
Canada while trying to raid the American
00:40:19
post using their advantage the more
powerful Royal Navy for its part the United
00:40:26
States was far from ready to
fight the country had not fought
00:40:31
a war or needed an army for
00:40:34
a long time there were only eight
thousand American soldiers the
00:40:41
soldiers who were young. Knew little
about war and the officers who knew
00:40:47
about war were old enough to have led
troops in the American Revolution.
00:40:56
President James Madison named two top
generals sixty two year old Henry
00:41:02
Dearborn and sixty three year old
Thomas Pinckney the United States
00:41:09
had only
00:41:10
a few warships and gun boats with which
to face the British Navy the most
00:41:17
powerful naval force in the war.
Historian and professor Alan Taylor's
00:41:23
says the American people
were divided about the war
00:41:28
a majority of them supported the Madison
administration and agreed that they tried
00:41:35
the embargo it failed and that something
had to be done because national honor they
00:41:41
felt was at stake and that they needed to
stop the British practice of impressment
00:41:48
and they were also upset about the British
military aid to these Indian peoples who
00:41:53
were restricting American expansion
Alan Taylor says for those reasons many
00:41:58
Americans supported the war particularly
in the southern western and mid
00:42:05
Atlantic states but in no way when most
of the people supported the opposition
00:42:11
party the Federalist and they were very
bitter about what they felt that it was
00:42:16
really being waged for illegitimate
reason. That diplomacy could have just
00:42:23
papered over the disagreement over him. And
so they did their best to obstruct the
00:42:30
war effort they not only didn't want to
contribute to the war effort but they
00:42:34
wanted to block it as they could. Church
bells were wrong and flags were lowered in
00:42:41
New England when the declaration of war was
announced there was also the problem of
00:42:47
getting enough men to serve as soldiers
Congress had approved an increase
00:42:54
of twenty five thousand men only
five thousand agreed to serve
00:43:01
members of Congress from the western states
had spoken proudly of how their people
00:43:08
would rush to fight the British This
did not happen the first request to
00:43:14
Kentucky four soldiers produced only
four hundred men historian Alan
00:43:21
Taylors says that some states see in the
Northeast did not offer any soldiers at
00:43:28
all especially for invasions into Canada
and even when the governors would
00:43:33
cooperate as for example the governor
or the militia would often march to the
00:43:40
border and then decide that their
constitutional duty was only to defend their
00:43:45
state and not help the United States invaded
another country and so they're going
00:43:51
to sit down strike once they got to the
border nevertheless an American general
00:43:56
named William Hull will lead two
thousand men across the Canadian border
00:44:03
but the British general there was
prepared and the attack failed although
00:44:10
had the stronger force and plenty of
supplies he retrieve did to Detroit
00:44:17
he was chased by
00:44:19
a smaller force of British soldiers
and the Indians after the war
00:44:26
was tried by
00:44:27
a military court on charges of cowardice
the court found him guilty and
00:44:33
ordered him shot. But President Madison
because of Hall's service during the
00:44:40
Revolutionary War permitted
the old soldier to live.
00:44:53
The next American attack
was made from Fort Niagara
00:44:57
a military post in New York
on the shore of Lake Ontario
00:45:03
a small group of American soldiers crossed
the Niagara River and attacked the
00:45:09
British but some Americans from New
York refused to cross the border
00:45:16
to help against the British they calmly
watched as British soldiers shot
00:45:23
down the yet tacking Americans the third
to campaign was made by General Henry
00:45:29
Dearborn he led the state militia
force from Plattsburgh New York of
00:45:35
a Canadian border he was planning to
cross the border and attack Montreal but
00:45:42
again the soldiers refused to cross the
border Dearborn could do nothing but
00:45:49
marched them back to Plattsburgh.
00:45:57
British forces at this time were winning
victory as they captured an American for
00:46:03
the and northern Michigan and Indians
fighting for the British captured
00:46:09
a fort at the place now known as Chicago.
Instead of marching through Canada
00:46:16
without difficulty the Americans found
themselves trying hard to keep the British
00:46:22
out of the state of Ohio.
00:46:30
For
00:46:31
a while the small American Navy was
doing better than the Army just two
00:46:38
months after the war started the United
States warship Constitution forced
00:46:44
a British ship to surrender several
months later another American
00:46:51
ship the wasp captured the
British ship from. Then
00:46:57
a frigate named the United States defeated
one of Britain's most famous Fighting
00:47:03
Ships that Macedonia and the British ship
was captured and brought to the United
00:47:10
States. There were other victories
at sea at the end of six
00:47:16
months the United States Navy at
captured six British ships and lost
00:47:23
only one of its own vessels private
American trade ships at been
00:47:30
armed with guns when the war started Vade
to where successful against the British
00:47:37
they captured more than three
hundred British trade ships.
00:47:45
But the American successes forced Britain
to bring more of its fighting ships into
00:47:52
the war with the United States by
the middle of eighteen thirteen
00:47:58
a year after the war started British
ships controlled the East Coast
00:48:05
no American ship good enter or leave
any port south of New England.
00:48:12
Meanwhile the military situation was
improving for the Americans in what was then
00:48:19
the West William Henry Harrison
governor of the in the ANA territory
00:48:26
formed
00:48:26
a large force for trying to capture
Detroit from the British at the same
00:48:33
time Captain Oliver Henry built
five warships on Lake Erie
00:48:40
with ease and for he already
had Harry Met and defeated
00:48:46
a British naval force Henry
reported his victory to Harrison
00:48:53
we have met the enemy and they are ours.
00:49:01
Perry's victory and Harrison's large force
caused the British to withdraw from
00:49:07
Detroit and from
00:49:09
a British Ford at Multan in Canada.
Harrison's men continued to
00:49:16
chase the enemy they caught them and
defeated them in the battle of the tens
00:49:23
killed in this battle whereas the great
Indian chief that comes up who had been
00:49:28
fighting for the British American
forces made new attempts to win control
00:49:35
love Lake Ontario and invade
Canada across the Niagara River
00:49:42
but none of these succeeded late in
eight hundred thirteen British soldiers
00:49:49
crossed the river and captured Fort
Niagara They also burned the town of
00:49:55
Buffalo. By
00:50:02
April eighteen fourteen Napoleon was
forced from power in Europe and the
00:50:08
war between France and Britain was
over the end of the war in Europe
00:50:15
permitted Britain to send many of its
soldiers to fight against the United States.
00:50:28
About four thousand British soldiers landed
on the Chesapeake coast southeast of
00:50:34
Washington they met American
forces inland at Bladensburg
00:50:41
a town ten kilometers from Washington. The
British soldiers broke through with the
00:50:47
American lines and the Americans
began to run away but
00:50:53
a group of sailors refused to rid treat
with their artillery commanded by Joshua
00:50:59
Bonnie the four hundred sailors chose
to stand and fight the struggle did
00:51:06
not last long against the four
thousand British soldiers. Barney held
00:51:13
his position for
00:51:14
a half hour before enemy soldiers got
behind his men and silenced their guns
00:51:22
Ronnie was wounded seriously but British
fought so much of his courage that they
00:51:29
carried him to
00:51:30
a hospital for their own soldiers at
Bladensburg Barney himself said the
00:51:36
British officers treated him as
00:51:39
a brother. Once the British
troops had smashed through
00:51:46
Barney's Navy man nothing stood between
them and Washington the commanders of
00:51:53
the British force General Robert wrongs
and Admiral George Cukor and took
00:51:59
a group of men to the Capitol building and
set fire to it then the two commanders
00:52:06
went to the White House with the same
intention. Before setting fire to the
00:52:12
presidents home Cockburn took one of Madison's
hacks and the seat from one of Dolly
00:52:18
Madison statues the admiral found the
president's table set for dinner as
00:52:25
a joke he took
00:52:26
a glass of wine and toasted the
health of President Jimmy. President
00:52:33
Madison had fled the White House it crossed
the Potomac River and started toward
00:52:39
his home in Virginia he joined his
wife on the road the second day they
00:52:46
decided to wait about twenty five
kilometers from Washington when President
00:52:52
Madison return to the Capitol three days
later the British had withdrawn by had
00:52:59
also burned most public buildings. And
00:53:06
that's our program for today listen again
tomorrow to learn English three stories
00:53:13
from around the world I'm Jonathan
Evans and I'm Ashley Thompson.
00:53:56
This is the only news I'm Tommy make
me US President Trump is looking for
00:54:01
a new defense team for
00:54:02
a piece. Of Madison we announced
his resignation yesterday I'm
00:54:08
a disagreements with the president over
this week's Syria troop pullout and plans
00:54:12
to withdraw forces from Afghanistan Matta
says it's the president's right to have
00:54:17
a defense secretary whose views
are more in line with he is
00:54:22
a very small country top House Democrat
Nancy Pelosi is among bipartisan lawmakers
00:54:27
worried about losing
00:54:29
a moderating force on the president Senate
majority leader Chuck Schumer played off
00:54:33
Madison's call sign chaos in saying the
president's careening from one disaster to
00:54:39
another there is now in this administration
the president says Madison will serve
00:54:44
until late February he has not announced
00:54:47
a replacement Sagara
maggoty Washington despite
00:54:51
a temporary spending bill passed by
the House of Representatives to avert
00:54:55
a government shutdown the issue obvious
shutdown still is not resolved we get more
00:55:00
from Mike Ross just days before Christmas
the federal government appears to be
00:55:04
careening toward
00:55:05
a partial shutdown that would cap was
weaken the nation's capital on the House
00:55:09
floor Thursday night days or to seventeen
and the days there weren't any funding
00:55:15
resolution was passed but it includes
five point seven billion dollars for
00:55:19
president. And Senate Democratic leader
Chuck Schumer says when the bill reaches
00:55:24
the Senate floor it clearly will not come
close to getting the sixty votes that it
00:55:28
needs meaning the government will shut
down at midnight more than eight hundred
00:55:32
thousand federal workers would be facing
furloughs or work without pay might Grazia
00:55:36
Washington President trumpets
considering a significant U.S.
00:55:39
Troop withdrawal from Afghanistan roughly
half of the more than fourteen thousand
00:55:44
troops stationed there senior administration
officials say under the reported plan
00:55:48
about seven thousand U.S.
00:55:49
Troops would start coming home
00:55:50
a January arrest coming home months in.
Face drawn down this is the only news
00:55:56
reaction from members of President Trump's
own party of his intent to pull U.S.
00:56:00
Forces out of Syria U.S.
00:56:03
Senator Lindsey Graham says the president's
decision could bring the war against
00:56:07
Islamic extremists to America's backyard
ISIS in Afghanistan I know for sure is
00:56:13
looking toward the United States and
their targets it's Mr President you have
00:56:19
a chance to change course you have
00:56:22
a lot of bipartisan support to do. Take
advantage of it earlier in the week the
00:56:28
president that declared victory against
the Islamic state terror group self
00:56:32
declared a caliphate that it
says in which caught many U.S.
00:56:36
Defense officials diplomats and
lawmakers by surprise has rattled U.S.
00:56:40
Allies on the ground and left many asking
questions about what comes next U.S.
00:56:44
Prosecutors unsealed an indictment
Thursday against two members of
00:56:48
a notorious Chinese cyber
espionage group the latest in
00:56:52
a string of charges brought against Chinese
nationals involved in stealing trade
00:56:56
secrets and other sensitive
information from U.S.
00:56:59
Businesses and other entities the two
have been described in the indictment as
00:57:03
members of
00:57:04
a hacking group known as advanced persistent
threat ten or ten and they're accused
00:57:10
of carrying out
00:57:11
a global campaign of cyber intrusions over
twelve year period hacking computers in
00:57:16
at least a dozen countries
including the U.S. In the U.K.
00:57:19
And giving China's intelligence service
access to sensitive business information
00:57:24
that's according to the twenty three page
indictment Canadian prime minister Justin
00:57:28
Trudeau has urged caution in
the wake of the detention of
00:57:33
a third Canadian by China since the rest
of the Vancouver December first the chief
00:57:38
financial officer of
Chinese Chinese telecom
00:57:42
a McMahon one zoo was
being sought by the U.S.
00:57:46
For alleged sanctions violations and this
requesting for extradition University of
00:57:52
Toronto scholar Nelson Wiseman tells me
away while Prime Minister Trudeau is trying
00:57:56
to be cautious it may not be well received
and Canada I think what he's thinking is
00:58:02
that by being more aggressive for
example by calling the China.
00:00:00
Flew.
00:00:06
I've. Flown.
00:00:51
The.
00:00:58
Plume
00:01:02
live.
00:01:19
Live.
00:01:25
Live I've.
00:01:33
I've.
00:01:41
Lived.
00:02:10
Just. Thank.
00:02:18
You. Thank.
00:02:32
You Liz.
00:03:13
The only one and they had one republic
with kids Elisia car is on the way also
00:03:18
Maroon five with car to be at the lake and
I'm in the bay until right now this is
00:03:23
lovely the band a broke
in My Name is making
00:03:25
a strong Welcome to be
away when they head.
00:05:31
I've. Played
00:05:37
lead. To.
00:05:45
A.
00:05:54
Glue.
00:06:38
Music was.
00:08:37
They.
00:09:34
May.
00:09:51
Be a way one that they had to lease
00:09:53
a car with trust my lonely so you heard
about offset right trying to get car to be
00:09:58
back he went to one of her show. Got on
stage with a bouquet of flowers and had
00:10:03
a big gigantic cake come out that said
you know I want you back or take me back
00:10:08
whatever it said anyway Carty was not
having it she was like she had both him and
00:10:13
the cake like remove from the
stage it's like. That was not
00:10:17
a good move off said that was not
00:10:18
a good stunt I mean that's like arriving
someone tweeted this and I agree it's like
00:10:22
going to your girlfriend's
job or your wife's job in
00:10:26
a meeting when she's in an important meeting
and in disturbing the meeting to say
00:10:29
please take me back to the important here
it is. Like you through five is going to
00:10:36
be obvious.
00:12:57
Maybe exploded maybe I'm. A.
00:13:31
Little bit. I don't play
when it does get it.
00:14:14
I've.
00:15:50
Got.
00:16:01
The.
00:16:15
Little.
00:17:18
League.
00:17:51
Was.
00:19:06
A fight to win
00:19:07
a fight to help fight myself. Like
00:19:16
living.
00:19:36
In this is. Just coming.
00:21:09
Glass.
00:21:16
Is.
00:21:25
Eating. True love.
00:22:00
So clams. And all good
00:22:06
conversation. Expectation and reason. Was
00:22:13
gone. And pain fall in
love in you. On the while.
00:22:21
They. Love in you all in school.
00:22:28
Saying.
00:22:38
I did feel
00:22:39
a. Little. Sick last.
00:23:17
Speech. And the. Little bit.
00:23:24
To.
00:23:36
Cleanse to.
00:23:49
Be away one of the hits my name is Nicky
strong and that was communicable A.O.
00:23:53
With consequences. Welcome to learning.
00:24:00
In English
00:24:01
a daily thirty minute program from the
Voice of America I'm Jonathan evidence and
00:24:07
I'm Ashley THOMPSON This program is
aimed at English learners so we speak
00:24:13
a little slower and we use words and phrases
especially written for people learning
00:24:20
English. Today on the program
00:24:27
you will hear from Alice Bryant later Steve
Earle will present our American history
00:24:33
series The Making of
00:24:35
a nation but first Ashley
and Bryan Lipmann bring us
00:24:41
a story about child
soldiers and Yemen for two
00:24:48
years Mohammad fought with
Yemen's Huth the rebels against
00:24:53
a military coalition led by Saudi
Arabia and backed by the United
00:24:59
States Mohammad says he tortured
and killed people he did not care
00:25:07
whether he lived or died but if he
did die the bracelet he wore with
00:25:13
a jihadi number would guarantee
his body made it home Mohammad
00:25:19
is one of eighteen former child soldiers
who spoke with The Associated Press
00:25:27
all of them escaped from rebel forces
or were captured by coalition units
00:25:35
they are now at camps and
00:25:37
a counseling center in the city of Mara
and an area controlled by the Saudi
00:25:44
led U.S.
00:25:45
Backed coalition both sides
in the four year civil war
00:25:53
have sent children into battle
00:25:56
a violation of international human
rights conventions. The United
00:26:02
Nations was able to confirm that two
thousand seven hundred twenty one children
00:26:10
have been recruited to fight
for all sides in the conflict
00:26:16
a majority of them have fought for
the Hooty S But officials say that
00:26:23
number is likely low because many
families are too fearful to speak out
00:26:31
a senior military official
at mid to the A.P.
00:26:37
That the rebels have brought eighteen
thousand child soldiers into their army since
00:26:44
two thousand and fourteen
he did not wish to be named
00:26:50
officially the who say they do not
recruit children and send away children
00:26:57
who try to join but in. The
Yemeni capital now under
00:27:04
who's the control locals say the rebels
go door to door telling parents they
00:27:11
must either turn over their sons
or pay money for the war effort
00:27:18
some of the former child
soldiers told the A.P.
00:27:22
They joined the rebels willingly because
of promises of money or the chance to
00:27:29
carry
00:27:30
a weapon but others described
being taken from their schools or
00:27:36
forced to join the who
sees in exchange for
00:27:40
a family member's release from detention
some children gave themselves
00:27:47
a war name after they joined the fighting
one ten year old boy for example
00:27:54
called himself
00:27:56
a Serb Arabic for Father
of victory. A thirteen
00:28:03
year old boy named Salah told the A.P.
00:28:08
That Hooty fighters came to his home and
demanded that he and his father come
00:28:15
with them to the front lines of battle
he said his father was pulled away when
00:28:22
he refused the order Salah added
I heard the bullets then my
00:28:28
father collapsing dead new
recruits are usually taken first
00:28:35
to culture centers for religious
courses which last about
00:28:40
a month they are told they are joining
00:28:44
a holy war against Jews and Christians
and Arab countries that have been
00:28:50
influenced by the West the boys are told
that if they die fighting they will go to
00:28:57
heaven Mohammad said when you get out of
the Culture Center you don't want to go
00:29:04
home anymore you want to go to jihad
the recruits are then sent to
00:29:10
military training camps in the mountains
at night they sleep in shelters made of
00:29:16
tree branches during the day they
learn how to fire weapons plant
00:29:22
explosives and avoid missiles fired
by coalition airplanes after
00:29:29
less than
00:29:30
a month of military training they are sent
to war wearing the bracelets meant to
00:29:36
promise to honor them as martyrs if they
die the children call the lettering on the
00:29:42
bracelets their jihadi number
many child soldiers can be seen
00:29:48
a holding A K forty seven machine guns
at search areas along main roads in
00:29:54
northern and western Yemen others are
sent to the front lines as foot soldiers.
00:30:03
Mohamed fought in and around
the city of Tire. One
00:30:10
day the who captured
00:30:12
a coalition fighter Mohammad was told to
send electric shocks through the man's
00:30:19
body during questioning when it was
over he said his commander gave
00:30:26
this order get rid of him
Mohammad said he took
00:30:32
a heavy metal tool he did it with fire
and then hit the back of the man's head
00:30:39
he was my master Mohammed said
if he says kill I would kill
00:30:47
I would blow myself up for him
00:30:50
a thirteen year old named Riad said he and
his eleven year old brother once shot
00:30:57
and killed two enemy soldiers but
more often he said he closed
00:31:04
his eyes when he fired his gun
honestly when I am afraid I don't
00:31:11
know where I am shooting sometimes in
the air and sometimes just randomly
00:31:18
he said Riad said half of the fighters
he served with on the front lines
00:31:25
were children he said he asked his
commander to let them take cover during
00:31:31
airstrikes serve the planes are bombing
the commander's answer he said
00:31:38
was always followers of
God you must attack. I'm
00:31:45
Brian Lynn.
00:32:21
What do these six words have
in common hot dog fireworks
00:32:29
well being waistline sunset and ice cream
00:32:36
they could all describe
00:32:38
a fun holiday celebration for
example my holiday was wonderful
00:32:45
I went to a friend's party
and we laughed ate in had
00:32:48
a lovely time we grilled hot dogs and
made ice cream then after sunset we
00:32:55
all went down to the river to
watch the fireworks it was
00:32:59
a great time but probably terrible
for my waistline great story
00:33:06
but what is the grammatical connection
between all the words we talked about they
00:33:12
are all compound nouns and
that is our subject today
00:33:19
a compound noun is
00:33:21
a noun made by putting two or more
words together to act as one noun
00:33:29
these nouns can be written as one
word as in fireworks and waistline
00:33:35
as hyphenated words as in well
being or as separate words as in
00:33:42
ice cream. Compound nouns often
have different meanings from their
00:33:49
separate words for example
if you had never heard of
00:33:54
a hot dog you probably would not know
its meaning just from the words hot
00:34:01
and dog a hot dog is
00:34:04
a small cooked sausage usually
made from beef or pork
00:34:11
compound nouns often are constructed
from two parts of speech the most
00:34:17
common are now known plus noun
as in ice cream waistline
00:34:24
and fireworks which you heard earlier
in the program adjective plus noun
00:34:31
as in hot dog and greenhouse
greenhouses at but Tenneco gardens
00:34:38
carry plants from around the
world and noun plus verb as in
00:34:44
Sunset and rainfall the average
yearly rain fall in Washington D.C.
00:34:51
Is around forty inches but
compound nouns are also formed
00:34:58
in other ways such as noun plus
prep is ition as in passer by
00:35:06
a passer by witnessed the car
accident on seventeenth Street Jaron
00:35:13
plus noun as in swimming pool and
washing machine I'm so glad that our
00:35:19
hotel has
00:35:20
a swimming pool adjective plus verb as
in public speaking and dry cleaning
00:35:28
can you call and see if the dry cleaning
is ready verb plus prep is ition
00:35:35
as in take off and look out flight
attendants please prepare for
00:35:41
takeoff and prep ization
plus verb as an output and
00:35:48
overthrow. The company increased
output by extending its office
00:35:54
hours OK moving on to plurals
and possessives in the
00:36:01
most plural compound nouns the
US goes at the end but here's
00:36:07
a little more to know if the
compound noun has no space or
00:36:14
does have a space in
between words the S.S.
00:36:18
Usually goes at the end such
as in greenhouses waistlines
00:36:25
washing machines and swimming
pools if the compound noun has
00:36:31
a hyphen or hyphens the as usually
goes at the end of the noun
00:36:38
such as in secretaries general
passers by and fathers in law
00:36:46
to make the possessive form
simply add an apostrophe S.
00:36:52
To the end of the complete word
such as in these examples my
00:36:58
daughter in law's dress is being
made the dry cleaner's address is
00:37:05
on the table Lastly let's
talk about stress and spoken
00:37:12
language stress is giving greater
loudness are forced to part of
00:37:18
a word correct stress is very
important for compound nouns
00:37:25
we usually stress the first syllable for
instance when I say the word fireworks
00:37:33
I put
00:37:33
a greater loudness on fire if I put
the stress on works it changes the
00:37:40
meaning and would confuse the listener
not all compound nouns follow
00:37:47
the rule of first syllable stress. Proper
nouns that are more than one word are
00:37:54
considered compound nouns and they usually
carry the stress at the start of the
00:38:01
second word listen for the
stress in these proper nouns
00:38:08
New Orleans Las Vegas
Mt Rainier Grand Canyon
00:38:15
South Africa New Zealand
secretary general prime minister
00:38:23
by now in your English studies you've
already used many compound nouns and
00:38:30
surely you'll use many more so
practice ones that are useful to you
00:38:37
in speaking and writing I'm Alice Bryant.
00:38:53
From V.O.A.
00:38:54
In learning English
Welcome to the making of
00:38:57
a nation I'm Steve embers. The
United States declared war
00:39:04
on Britain in eighteen twelve it
did so because Britain refused to
00:39:11
stop seizing American ships that traded
with France Britain's enemy in your
00:39:18
up sometimes there were also
seizures of American sailors these
00:39:24
seizures were known as impressment
Britain finally has suspended its orders
00:39:31
against neutral trade after
00:39:34
a change in government but the British
acted too late the United States
00:39:41
had already declared war the day we
continue the story of the war of eighteen
00:39:47
twelve. Most of Britain's forces
were battling the soldiers
00:39:54
up and up Polian Bonaparte in Europe
historian and Pulitzer Prize winner Alan
00:40:01
Taylor's says that as a result
the British could send only
00:40:06
a small force that the United States and
so the British were basically war against
00:40:13
the United States on the defensive in
Canada while trying to raid the American
00:40:19
post using their advantage the more
powerful Royal Navy for its part the United
00:40:26
States was far from ready to
fight the country had not fought
00:40:31
a war or needed an army for
00:40:34
a long time there were only eight
thousand American soldiers the
00:40:41
soldiers who were young. Knew little
about war and the officers who knew
00:40:47
about war were old enough to have led
troops in the American Revolution.
00:40:56
President James Madison named two top
generals sixty two year old Henry
00:41:02
Dearborn and sixty three year old
Thomas Pinckney the United States
00:41:09
had only
00:41:10
a few warships and gun boats with which
to face the British Navy the most
00:41:17
powerful naval force in the war.
Historian and professor Alan Taylor's
00:41:23
says the American people
were divided about the war
00:41:28
a majority of them supported the Madison
administration and agreed that they tried
00:41:35
the embargo it failed and that something
had to be done because national honor they
00:41:41
felt was at stake and that they needed to
stop the British practice of impressment
00:41:48
and they were also upset about the British
military aid to these Indian peoples who
00:41:53
were restricting American expansion
Alan Taylor says for those reasons many
00:41:58
Americans supported the war particularly
in the southern western and mid
00:42:05
Atlantic states but in no way when most
of the people supported the opposition
00:42:11
party the Federalist and they were very
bitter about what they felt that it was
00:42:16
really being waged for illegitimate
reason. That diplomacy could have just
00:42:23
papered over the disagreement over him. And
so they did their best to obstruct the
00:42:30
war effort they not only didn't want to
contribute to the war effort but they
00:42:34
wanted to block it as they could. Church
bells were wrong and flags were lowered in
00:42:41
New England when the declaration of war was
announced there was also the problem of
00:42:47
getting enough men to serve as soldiers
Congress had approved an increase
00:42:54
of twenty five thousand men only
five thousand agreed to serve
00:43:01
members of Congress from the western states
had spoken proudly of how their people
00:43:08
would rush to fight the British This
did not happen the first request to
00:43:14
Kentucky four soldiers produced only
four hundred men historian Alan
00:43:21
Taylors says that some states see in the
Northeast did not offer any soldiers at
00:43:28
all especially for invasions into Canada
and even when the governors would
00:43:33
cooperate as for example the governor
or the militia would often march to the
00:43:40
border and then decide that their
constitutional duty was only to defend their
00:43:45
state and not help the United States invaded
another country and so they're going
00:43:51
to sit down strike once they got to the
border nevertheless an American general
00:43:56
named William Hull will lead two
thousand men across the Canadian border
00:44:03
but the British general there was
prepared and the attack failed although
00:44:10
had the stronger force and plenty of
supplies he retrieve did to Detroit
00:44:17
he was chased by
00:44:19
a smaller force of British soldiers
and the Indians after the war
00:44:26
was tried by
00:44:27
a military court on charges of cowardice
the court found him guilty and
00:44:33
ordered him shot. But President Madison
because of Hall's service during the
00:44:40
Revolutionary War permitted
the old soldier to live.
00:44:53
The next American attack
was made from Fort Niagara
00:44:57
a military post in New York
on the shore of Lake Ontario
00:45:03
a small group of American soldiers crossed
the Niagara River and attacked the
00:45:09
British but some Americans from New
York refused to cross the border
00:45:16
to help against the British they calmly
watched as British soldiers shot
00:45:23
down the yet tacking Americans the third
to campaign was made by General Henry
00:45:29
Dearborn he led the state militia
force from Plattsburgh New York of
00:45:35
a Canadian border he was planning to
cross the border and attack Montreal but
00:45:42
again the soldiers refused to cross the
border Dearborn could do nothing but
00:45:49
marched them back to Plattsburgh.
00:45:57
British forces at this time were winning
victory as they captured an American for
00:46:03
the and northern Michigan and Indians
fighting for the British captured
00:46:09
a fort at the place now known as Chicago.
Instead of marching through Canada
00:46:16
without difficulty the Americans found
themselves trying hard to keep the British
00:46:22
out of the state of Ohio.
00:46:30
For
00:46:31
a while the small American Navy was
doing better than the Army just two
00:46:38
months after the war started the United
States warship Constitution forced
00:46:44
a British ship to surrender several
months later another American
00:46:51
ship the wasp captured the
British ship from. Then
00:46:57
a frigate named the United States defeated
one of Britain's most famous Fighting
00:47:03
Ships that Macedonia and the British ship
was captured and brought to the United
00:47:10
States. There were other victories
at sea at the end of six
00:47:16
months the United States Navy at
captured six British ships and lost
00:47:23
only one of its own vessels private
American trade ships at been
00:47:30
armed with guns when the war started Vade
to where successful against the British
00:47:37
they captured more than three
hundred British trade ships.
00:47:45
But the American successes forced Britain
to bring more of its fighting ships into
00:47:52
the war with the United States by
the middle of eighteen thirteen
00:47:58
a year after the war started British
ships controlled the East Coast
00:48:05
no American ship good enter or leave
any port south of New England.
00:48:12
Meanwhile the military situation was
improving for the Americans in what was then
00:48:19
the West William Henry Harrison
governor of the in the ANA territory
00:48:26
formed
00:48:26
a large force for trying to capture
Detroit from the British at the same
00:48:33
time Captain Oliver Henry built
five warships on Lake Erie
00:48:40
with ease and for he already
had Harry Met and defeated
00:48:46
a British naval force Henry
reported his victory to Harrison
00:48:53
we have met the enemy and they are ours.
00:49:01
Perry's victory and Harrison's large force
caused the British to withdraw from
00:49:07
Detroit and from
00:49:09
a British Ford at Multan in Canada.
Harrison's men continued to
00:49:16
chase the enemy they caught them and
defeated them in the battle of the tens
00:49:23
killed in this battle whereas the great
Indian chief that comes up who had been
00:49:28
fighting for the British American
forces made new attempts to win control
00:49:35
love Lake Ontario and invade
Canada across the Niagara River
00:49:42
but none of these succeeded late in
eight hundred thirteen British soldiers
00:49:49
crossed the river and captured Fort
Niagara They also burned the town of
00:49:55
Buffalo. By
00:50:02
April eighteen fourteen Napoleon was
forced from power in Europe and the
00:50:08
war between France and Britain was
over the end of the war in Europe
00:50:15
permitted Britain to send many of its
soldiers to fight against the United States.
00:50:28
About four thousand British soldiers landed
on the Chesapeake coast southeast of
00:50:34
Washington they met American
forces inland at Bladensburg
00:50:41
a town ten kilometers from Washington. The
British soldiers broke through with the
00:50:47
American lines and the Americans
began to run away but
00:50:53
a group of sailors refused to rid treat
with their artillery commanded by Joshua
00:50:59
Bonnie the four hundred sailors chose
to stand and fight the struggle did
00:51:06
not last long against the four
thousand British soldiers. Barney held
00:51:13
his position for
00:51:14
a half hour before enemy soldiers got
behind his men and silenced their guns
00:51:22
Ronnie was wounded seriously but British
fought so much of his courage that they
00:51:29
carried him to
00:51:30
a hospital for their own soldiers at
Bladensburg Barney himself said the
00:51:36
British officers treated him as
00:51:39
a brother. Once the British
troops had smashed through
00:51:46
Barney's Navy man nothing stood between
them and Washington the commanders of
00:51:53
the British force General Robert wrongs
and Admiral George Cukor and took
00:51:59
a group of men to the Capitol building and
set fire to it then the two commanders
00:52:06
went to the White House with the same
intention. Before setting fire to the
00:52:12
presidents home Cockburn took one of Madison's
hacks and the seat from one of Dolly
00:52:18
Madison statues the admiral found the
president's table set for dinner as
00:52:25
a joke he took
00:52:26
a glass of wine and toasted the
health of President Jimmy. President
00:52:33
Madison had fled the White House it crossed
the Potomac River and started toward
00:52:39
his home in Virginia he joined his
wife on the road the second day they
00:52:46
decided to wait about twenty five
kilometers from Washington when President
00:52:52
Madison return to the Capitol three days
later the British had withdrawn by had
00:52:59
also burned most public buildings. And
00:53:06
that's our program for today listen again
tomorrow to learn English three stories
00:53:13
from around the world I'm Jonathan
Evans and I'm Ashley Thompson.
00:53:56
This is the only news I'm Tommy make
me US President Trump is looking for
00:54:01
a new defense team for
00:54:02
a piece. Of Madison we announced
his resignation yesterday I'm
00:54:08
a disagreements with the president over
this week's Syria troop pullout and plans
00:54:12
to withdraw forces from Afghanistan Matta
says it's the president's right to have
00:54:17
a defense secretary whose views
are more in line with he is
00:54:22
a very small country top House Democrat
Nancy Pelosi is among bipartisan lawmakers
00:54:27
worried about losing
00:54:29
a moderating force on the president Senate
majority leader Chuck Schumer played off
00:54:33
Madison's call sign chaos in saying the
president's careening from one disaster to
00:54:39
another there is now in this administration
the president says Madison will serve
00:54:44
until late February he has not announced
00:54:47
a replacement Sagara
maggoty Washington despite
00:54:51
a temporary spending bill passed by
the House of Representatives to avert
00:54:55
a government shutdown the issue obvious
shutdown still is not resolved we get more
00:55:00
from Mike Ross just days before Christmas
the federal government appears to be
00:55:04
careening toward
00:55:05
a partial shutdown that would cap was
weaken the nation's capital on the House
00:55:09
floor Thursday night days or to seventeen
and the days there weren't any funding
00:55:15
resolution was passed but it includes
five point seven billion dollars for
00:55:19
president. And Senate Democratic leader
Chuck Schumer says when the bill reaches
00:55:24
the Senate floor it clearly will not come
close to getting the sixty votes that it
00:55:28
needs meaning the government will shut
down at midnight more than eight hundred
00:55:32
thousand federal workers would be facing
furloughs or work without pay might Grazia
00:55:36
Washington President trumpets
considering a significant U.S.
00:55:39
Troop withdrawal from Afghanistan roughly
half of the more than fourteen thousand
00:55:44
troops stationed there senior administration
officials say under the reported plan
00:55:48
about seven thousand U.S.
00:55:49
Troops would start coming home
00:55:50
a January arrest coming home months in.
Face drawn down this is the only news
00:55:56
reaction from members of President Trump's
own party of his intent to pull U.S.
00:56:00
Forces out of Syria U.S.
00:56:03
Senator Lindsey Graham says the president's
decision could bring the war against
00:56:07
Islamic extremists to America's backyard
ISIS in Afghanistan I know for sure is
00:56:13
looking toward the United States and
their targets it's Mr President you have
00:56:19
a chance to change course you have
00:56:22
a lot of bipartisan support to do. Take
advantage of it earlier in the week the
00:56:28
president that declared victory against
the Islamic state terror group self
00:56:32
declared a caliphate that it
says in which caught many U.S.
00:56:36
Defense officials diplomats and
lawmakers by surprise has rattled U.S.
00:56:40
Allies on the ground and left many asking
questions about what comes next U.S.
00:56:44
Prosecutors unsealed an indictment
Thursday against two members of
00:56:48
a notorious Chinese cyber
espionage group the latest in
00:56:52
a string of charges brought against Chinese
nationals involved in stealing trade
00:56:56
secrets and other sensitive
information from U.S.
00:56:59
Businesses and other entities the two
have been described in the indictment as
00:57:03
members of
00:57:04
a hacking group known as advanced persistent
threat ten or ten and they're accused
00:57:10
of carrying out
00:57:11
a global campaign of cyber intrusions over
twelve year period hacking computers in
00:57:16
at least a dozen countries
including the U.S. In the U.K.
00:57:19
And giving China's intelligence service
access to sensitive business information
00:57:24
that's according to the twenty three page
indictment Canadian prime minister Justin
00:57:28
Trudeau has urged caution in
the wake of the detention of
00:57:33
a third Canadian by China since the rest
of the Vancouver December first the chief
00:57:38
financial officer of
Chinese Chinese telecom
00:57:42
a McMahon one zoo was
being sought by the U.S.
00:57:46
For alleged sanctions violations and this
requesting for extradition University of
00:57:52
Toronto scholar Nelson Wiseman tells me
away while Prime Minister Trudeau is trying
00:57:56
to be cautious it may not be well received
and Canada I think what he's thinking is
00:58:02
that by being more aggressive for
example by calling the China.
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